Accessing a variable that is scoped within a function

The following code snippet showcases a common error in Python programming:

def reportRealDiagnostics():

        ranks = 0
        class Rank: 
            def __init__(self):
                global ranks
                ranks += 1
        rank = Rank()

reportRealDiagnostics()

When executed, the code above will result in the following error message being displayed:

NameError: global name 'ranks' is not defined

By addressing this error, you will be able to successfully execute the given code.

Answer №1

When utilizing global ranks, it searches for ranks in the global scope rather than the enclosing scope, leading to that error. The ranks you have defined is a part of the enclosing scope.

In Python3, this issue has been resolved and you can update ranks by using the nonlocal keyword:

def reportRealDiagnostics():
        ranks = 0
        class Rank: 
            def __init__(self):
                nonlocal ranks
                ranks += 1
        rank = Rank()

reportRealDiagnostics()

In Python2, you can define it as a function attribute:

def reportRealDiagnostics():
        class Rank: 
            def __init__(self):
                reportRealDiagnostics.ranks += 1
        rank = Rank()
reportRealDiagnostics.ranks = 0
reportRealDiagnostics()

There are also other alternatives available: nonlocal keyword in Python 2.x

Answer №2

It's advisable to utilize the variable as nonlocal:

nonlocal ranks

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