What is the process of matching a server response with the appropriate pending AJAX query?

Imagine a scenario where my web app utilizes AJAX to send out query #1, and then quickly follows up with query #2 before receiving a response from the server. At this point, there are two active event handlers eagerly waiting for replies.

Now, let's say a response comes in for query #2 while query #1 is still pending. How does the browser distinguish that this particular response should be directed to the handler for query #2? Since both queries were sent over the same connection, the traditional method of using socket information is no longer applicable. Is there something in the HTTP/1.1 header or other metadata that assists in this routing process? Despite having verified that it works correctly through testing, I am unable to pinpoint what mechanism enables the browser to effectively route the server's responses to the proper handlers.

This baffling predicament has consumed my thoughts for days now, leaving me fruitlessly grasping for an answer.

Answer №1

When utilizing AJAX over HTTP/1.1, it is necessary to wait for a response on a specific channel before sending another request. Some web applications opt to use multiple channels in order to execute parallel queries. This method ensures that each response is directed to the correct destination given that every channel represents a distinct TCP connection. However, this strategy can be costly when SSL is involved as establishing connections consumes significant resources. To mitigate this issue, connections can be pre-opened and reused.

Contrastingly, AJAX over HTTP/2 or HTTP/3 (QUIC) has the advantage of native multiplexing which enables the transmission of multiple streams through a single connection. As a result, there is no need to establish separate connections or undergo additional TCP and SSL handshakes, thus reducing overhead. In this scenario, responses are matched with their corresponding requests based on stream numbers.

Answer №2

due to the fact that both queries were initiated through the same connection

This is where your assumption falls short

HTTP1.1 prioritizes socket usage. Every HTTP request establishes a new socket. According to protocol guidelines, the closure of the socket signifies the end of the HTTP request.

Content-length

An HTTP request can be marked as complete before the TCP socket closes. When the response includes the Content-length header, the size of the HTTP packet matches the specified byte count in the header. However, it's important to note that the Content-length header is not mandatory for all HTTP1.1 responses. This header typically accompanies static data transfers like images or videos whose sizes are known by the server.

In instances when the server cannot determine content length, such as with script outputs, the response is streamed from the script's output to the browser via TCP/IP without prior knowledge of the response size at the time the header is sent.

Multipart response

The server has the capability to deliver multipart responses over the same socket using a technique similar to multipart requests (commonly used for file uploads). By designating a specific string in the Content-Type header, distinct documents within the TCP/IP stream are separated.

However, there is no established protocol for converting multiple HTTP requests into a multipart response, unlike multipart requests which transmit form data as individual documents.

In what scenario would a multipart response be advantageous you may ask? Multipart responses are utilized for streaming videos, such as enabling mjpeg streams. Each "video" essentially consists of numerous JPEG files delivered in sequence rather than a single JPEG file.

Pipelining

HTTP1.1 supports the transmission of multiple requests over a single socket through a feature known as pipelining. Yet, due to past issues with early web server implementations, most browsers tend to steer clear of utilizing HTTP1.1 pipelining. In certain versions of Firefox, activation of this feature may necessitate manual intervention via the about:config page. Many contemporary web frameworks do not support pipelining.

Distinguishing between which response corresponds to which request in HTTP1.1 pipelining is simplistic—responses align with their respective requests based on order.

The first response consistently pertains to the first request, and likewise for subsequent pairs. A deviation from this sequence indicates an error, prompting cautiousness from modern web browsers regarding pipelining usage.

HTTP/2

Reinventing the communication protocol of HTTP, HTTP/2 introduces a multiplexed stream layer beneath the conventional HTTP framework. This binary-based stream protocol assigns each stream a unique identifier akin to sockets. Consider it a proprietary "socket" protocol transmitted across standard sockets, where requests and responses are identified by their designated stream id.

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